Survey of Scottish Witchcraft, 1563 - 1736

Goodare, Julian; Yeoman, Louise; Martin, Lauren; Miller, Joyce

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

12:00: indicates the mentioning of liminal boundary times such as the change from day into night or night into day. This data value means that the documents didn't specify whether they were referring to noon or midnight.

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Aggravating Disease: the suspect was accused of aggravating an already existing illness or disease
Airt and Pairt (art and part): denoting participation in a crime
Ale: alcohol, no specific symbolic use. Often used in the reconciliation of quarrels
All Saints' Day: 1 November, follows All Hallows' Eve
Almond: non-native, exotic plant, association between almond tree and the Virgin
Amulet: protective charm (stone, pebble) worn or placed in a house
Andrewmas: 30 November, mass celebrated on St Andrew's day
Angels: pre-Reformation invocation of angels for intercession, condemned by Protestant church
Animal Death: the suspect was accused of killing an animal(s)
Animal Devil: The Devil appeared in animal form
Animal dung: animal excreta were believed to have healing properties - possibly transferring life force, like blood
Animal Illness: the suspect was accused of causing an animal(s) to become ill
Animal: accused witch appeared in the form of an animal
Anti-baptism: renunciation of Christian baptism, apostasy
Apparition: accused witch appeared in the form of an apparition
Aqua Vitae: Water of Life, a distilled spirit (probably whisky)
Ash: the ash tree or its ashes could be used, ashes used in religious and healing rituals, sap of the tree had protective properties
Assize: jury
Attest: declared to be true or genuine
Axe: made of iron, used to protect against fairies
Ayre: another term for circuit court

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Baby: the Devil appeared in the form of a baby
Bailie: a local justice officer, second in rank to a provost in burghs
Bank Head: top of a riverbank
Bank Side: side of a riverbank
Bannock: cakes often used in divination rituals or for good luck/protection
Baptising animals: carrying out the religious sacrament of baptism on an animal - seen as a perversion of religion
Barthill's Day: 25 August, celebration of St Bartholomew
Baton: possibly a symbolic weapon, phallus, or staff of office
Bead: decorative item used as an amulet or votive offering
Beetle: in Ireland known as darbhdaol or coach horse of the devil
Bells: either a protective symbol used against fairies or something used by fairies themselves
Belt: and girdle, often associated with fertility or predicting outcome of illness
Beltane: 1 May, celebration associated with the Celtic feast of Bel
Bewitching: the suspect was also charged with causing a bewitchment (i.e. inflicting magical harm
Bible: Christian scriptures
Bierricht (corpse bleeds): corpse bleeds when touched by person who was guilty of the murder
Bird (dead): no specific symbolic use, used to transfer dangerous magical substances or to cause harm
Blasphemy: degenerating of mocking aspects of the Christian religion
Blood (animal): special qualities of the animal passed to human, as with dung
Body and soul: giving oneself over to the Devil, body and soul
Bond/Band: an agreement with the Devil
Bond: the person who pays the caution (or bail) is under bond of caution
Bone: last part of body to decay and contained last of the physical soul, also used in divination
Book: bible or other religious missal or herbal, the written word was seen to have magical properties for non-literate society, used in divination
Bored-Stone: a stone with a natural hole in it, used as protection against the power of fairies
Borrowing days: last three days of March, from the fable that March borrowed three days from April
Bound with ropes: tied by ropes for a period of time
Bow strings: pain caused by application of strings used in bows
Bowl: no specific symbolic use, used in transference rituals
Branch: part of non-specified tree, some trees were seen to have protective or magical powers
Bread: could be an offering to supernatural powers, had healing and/or protective properties
Bridle/collar: like belt, used in some sympathetic magical rituals (sympathetic magic is when an object is used to stand in for a specific person or thing)
Brint (Buit, Brute): a rumour about a person, or reputation
Burn: small river
Burning feet: feet burnt with hot coals
Butter: no specific symbolic use, used in transference rituals

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Caird: instrument used to card wool, used in sympathetic magical ritual
Camomile: medicinal herb, has calming effect on digestion, aids sleep and protects against nightmares
Candlemas: 2 February, feast of the celebration of the presentation of Christ to the Temple
Caspicaws (Cashielaws): formerly described as the boots, an instrument of torture that slowly crushed the shins. Recent work suggests that it was probably a large metal instrument that folded the body in two.
Cat: sacred animal, often associated with bringing bad luck
Caution: bail or security given legally
Cautioner: a person who agreed to pay caution (or bail) for a prisoner in return for ensuring they report for trial or undertake other obligations
Chamberlain: chief officer of the royal household or the factor of an estate
Chancellor: foreman of a jury
Changeling Egg: used to tempt the fairy changeling to reveal itself and return the human child
Changeling: a baby or young child thought to have been replaced by a fairy usually associated with sickly children
Charming: magical healing
Cheese: no specific symbolic use, used in transference rituals
Child Devil: the Devil appeared in the form of a child
Cited authority: a legal or other learned authority or book that was cited in the trial as either precedent or instruction
Clay: figures made of clay used in image magic to represent the intended victim
Clengis (clenged): technically means cleansed of charges, in a trial it means found not guilty
Cloth: used to represent the sick person, blessed and returned to them to provide cure, or sometimes a cloth was wrapped around items to make a sachet for charms (good or bad)
Clothing: used to represent the sick person, blessed and returned to them to provide a cure
Coal: good luck amulet
Cockerel: sacred bird, announcer of the dawn, used in sacrificial rituals and divination
Coin: could be left as a votive offering or used as an amulet
Commissioner: a person appointed, often to hold a local trial
Committee of Estates: governing body appointed by parliament in the 1640s, superseding the Privy Council
Communal Sex: attenders of the witches' meeting engaged in communal sex
Compear: appear before a court or authority
Consulting: consulting a witch or magical healer
Consulting: the suspect was charged with consulting or using a witch; not necessarily with being a witch
Corn: no specific symbolic uses, but as living grain associated with fertility and growth
Corpse bleeding: see Bierricht
Corpse powder: used to provide/transfer magical properties of the dead
Corpse: used to provide/transfer magical properties of the dead
Craigs: rocky cliffs
Crook: made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies
Cross: Holy Cross, Christian emblem of the crucifixion
Curch: kerchief or woman's hat, sometimes removed during a curse/harmful ritual
Cursing (as another charge): the suspect was accused of cursing (i.e. strong language with implicit or explicit threats)
Cursing (as described in accusations): uttering ambiguous or directly threatening language often accompanied with deliberate gestures

Dancing: attenders of the witches' meeting danced
Deacon: lay person elected to run the temporal affairs of the local Kirk, administrator
Delate (delation): accuse or inform against, denouncement, same as Dilated
Demonic Possession: the witch was accused of causing someone (a victim) to be possessed by the Devil. This usually involves an accusation of causing a particular type of 'bewitchment' involving convulsions and visions
Demonic: the case contained demonic elements such as meetings with the Devil or demonic pacts
Demonologist: an academic or clergyman who specialised in understanding the Devil and other demonological topics
Den: a narrow valley
Deposition: statement made under oath
Devil Present: the Devil was described as attending witches' meeting
Devil Worship: attenders of the witches' meeting worshipped the Devil
Devil's Mark: mark received from the Devil as a sign of pact (often described as not sensible to feeling)
Diet: meeting of court
Dilate (Dilation): accuse or inform against, denouncement, same as Delated
Dittay: list of formal charges made against the accused, indictments
Divination: trying to discover the future, or see hidden things in the present
Dog: no specific symbolic use
Dreams/Visions: accused appeared in a dream or visions
Drink: no specific symbolic uses but used to administer/transfer magical properties/powers
Ducking: otherwise known as the water test. The accused person was put in water to see if they floated. If they sank they were seen to be innocent and removed from the water. If they floated they were seen to be guilty. This test was rarely used in Scotland
Dye-House: house where cloth was dyed
Dyke: a ditch, wall or mound

Earth: refers to soil, believed to represent the power of nature, fertility and growth
Easter: Movable Christian celebration of the execution and resurrection of Christ
Egg: supernatural symbol, earth/life/soul, associated with fertility, Easter and fairies
Elder: elected lay member of a kirk session
Elfshot: prehistoric arrowhead thought to be used by fairies/witches to cause harm, could also be used as a protective amulet
Elphane/Fairyland: the other world of elphane or fairyland
Enchantment: using magic to affect people, things or animals
Eschatology: theology concerned with death and final destiny
Escheat: legal confiscation of goods

Fairies: the case mentioned fairies/elves and fairy/elf motifs
Fairy Blast: to be bewitched or harmed by a fairy wind/power
Fairy hill: associated with fairies, believed to be their dwelling place
Fairy mound: a hill associated with fairies, believed to be their dwelling place
Fairy: non-natural being appeared in the form of a fairy, gender not specified
Familiars: the accused had a familiar (a small animal or spirit that did her bidding)
Fasting's eve: Scottish term for Shrove Tuesday (the evening before the fast), the day before the fast of Lent
Feathers: no specific symbolic use, used in transference rituals
Female Fairy: non-natural being appeared in the form of a female fairy
Female Infertility: the suspect was accused of causing female infertility
Female: The Devil appeared in the form of a female
Fencing the court: formal opening of a court
Fire: basic element, seen to have purifying powers. Also possibly associated with hellfire. Many symbolic and ritual events used fire
Fireraising: arson
Flask of Water: possible reference to holy water, a container used to transport blessed or sacred water
Flesh: specifically animal meat, not human flesh, no specific symbolic use but used in sympathetic magic both to harm and for healing (sympathetic magic is when an object is used to stand in for a specific person or thing)
Folk Healing: the case (or accusations) against the suspect were about folk healing issues, such as failed healing attempts or the use of improper rituals and magic
Food and Drink (at witches' meeting): food and drink were consumed at the witches' meetings
Food/Drink (with the fairies): Food or Drink was consumed at Elphane or fairyland
Ford: a place where a river can be crossed
Fornication: having sexual relations before marriage
Foxtree Leaves: Foxglove, medicinal plant that affects the heart, also used an amulet against demonic powers
Frog: as for toad, associated with Devil, sin and impurity, used in transference of disease
Fyle (Fyllied): found guilty

Garland: non-specific garland of plants/flowers, no specific symbolic use
Garlic: stinkweed, medicinal plant, antiseptic qualities, believed to drive away evil
General Assembly (GA): the highest church court in the Presbyterian Church attended by representative delegate ministers and elders
Ghost: non-natural being appeared in the form of a ghost or dead person
Glass: as in a piece of glass or a non-specified glass object, no specific symbolic uses
Glove: no specific symbolic uses, used in transference rituals
Good Neighbours: euphemism for fairies
Grain: same meaning as corn, no specific symbolic use, but as living grain associated with fertility and growth
Grass: no specific symbolic use but associated with fertility and growth
Grave earth: used to provide/transfer magical properties of the dead
Green (the): as in the village green, a flat area of grass
Green: colour of nature, associated with fairies
Group of fairies: group of fairies

Hair: no specific symbolic use, used in transference rituals, or sometimes in sympathetic magic to stand in for the victim
Hairbelt: no specific symbolic use, used in transference rituals
Haircloth: the accused was covered with a cloth made of animal hair, painful on the skin
Halloween: 31 October, All Hallows' Eve, day before All Saints' Day, also associated with Celtic festivity of Samhain
Hand (dead): used to provide/transfer magical properties of the dead
Handsel Monday: First Monday of the New Year when gifts were exchanged
Hanging by thumbs: suspended by thumbs for a period of time
Harvest: Secular celebration of the end of harvest in August; it was incorporated into the Christian calendar
Haugh: a piece of level ground, usually alluvial, on the banks of a river
Head and foot: touching of the head and foot with opposite hands - all between was given to the Devil
Healing Animals: the suspect was accused of healing animals
Healing Humans: the suspect was accused of healing humans
Hen: associated with weather, fertility symbol, blood used in healing rituals
Herb: non-specified medicinal herbs
Holy Cross day: 13 or 14 September, celebration of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross
Holy water: blessed or sacred water believed to have special powers
Holy well: well or spring believed to have special powers, sometime associated with a saint of other revered figure or fairies. Wells were believed to have special powers of healing. The Protestant church condemned pilgrimages to wells or use of holy wells for healing or restoration.
Hook: made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies
Horseshoe: believed to protect against fairy power because it was made of iron
Howe: a hole, depression or low-lying piece of ground
Human Death: the suspect was accused of killing a person(s)
Human Illness: the suspect was accused of causing a person(s) to become ill

In Dream: accused witch appeared in a dream
Inanimate Object Devil: The Devil appeared in the form of an inanimate object
Incantation: the use of spells or invocations
Incest: had a wider definition in the early modern period. It usually meant sexual relations with in-laws
Insect Devil: The Devil appeared in the form of an insect
Insect: accused witch appeared in the form of an insect
Interrogatory: list of interrogation questions
Iron (hot): protection from harmful power of fairies
Iron: cold iron believed to protect against fairy power
Irons: tied in iron chains

Jewel: non-specified gemstone, used as amulet
Judge Ordinar: any convenient secular authority, the usual or customary judge (as opposed to a special commissioner)
Justice of the Peace (JP): justice officials appointed by the King, to maintain law and order in a county
Justiciar: justice, law

King of Fairy: male leader of the fairy group
Kirk session: the lowest court of the Presbyterian Church consisting of a minister and elders of a parish. Responsible for local church governing and discipline. See bibliography and sources for a full definition
Kisses Devil's bottom: worship of the Devil by inversion/perversion of Christian symbolism
Knife: sharp, made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies

Lairds/Baron: high status landowners with inherited titles and lands, but not the top rung of land holding society. These people were usually referred to as the laird of somewhere. People in this category did not work their land or perform a craft. They lived off of rents or other kinds of income
Lammas: 1 August, Celtic festivity of Lugh, also known as Lughnasadh
Landless: people without any access to any land or steady work, often described as vagrants or vagabonds
Laying On: the suspect was accused of causing a disease and then removing it
Lead: used to identify illness and divine its outcome
Leather Strap: no specific symbolic use, used in transference rituals
Lee Penny: a little red stone encased in silver, the Lockhart of Lee family claimed it was brought back from the Crusades. It was believed to have magical properties. Used in rituals - dipped in water, stirred three times, water used to heal animals/humans. (The family is no longer called Lockhart.)
Lent: 40 day fast before Easter, starts on Ash Wednesday
Links: a stretch of undulating open sandy ground
Liver: believed to be seat of strength/courage; could counteract harmful magic
Loan: a grassy track
Loanhead: head of a grassy track
Lord Advocate: the public prosecutor, a high justice official appointed by the crown

Mala Fama: bad reputation or ill repute
Male fairy (elf): male fairy, not the king, sometimes also referred to as an elf
Male Fairy: non-natural being appeared in the form of a man
Male Impotence: the suspect was accused of causing male impotence
Male: The Devil appeared in the form of a man
Maleficium (used at witches' meeting): the witches' meeting was used to cause magical harm to an individual or community
Maleficium: the suspect accused of causing magical harm to people, goods or animals
Martinmas: 11 November, mass celebrated on St Martin's day
Meal market: market place where meal (oatmeal) was sold
Meal: usually refers to oatmeal, possibly associated with fertility and growth or sustenance
Meeting at 12:00: meeting that was described as taking place at either noon or midnight. This was important as a boundary or liminal time between night and day or day and night.
Mercat Cross: marks the spot in a town for a recurring market
Merk: two-thirds of a pound Scots
Metal: non-specified but some had traditional protective properties
Michaelmas: 29 September, mass celebrated on St Michael's day
Midnight: liminal boundary time between night and day
Midsummer: 24 June, summer solstice, before the start of the shortening of day, also St John's day
Midwifery: the suspect performed midwifery
Milk: often left as an offering to helpful supernatural spirits/beings
Mole's feet: moles associated with underground and demons
Money: and coins could be left as a votive offering or used as an amulet
Moor: rough uncultivated heathery land

Nail trimmings: to be used/destroyed carefully to avoid transfer of illness or being used in witchcraft rituals, could be used in sympathetic magic to stand for the victim
Nail: made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies
Necromancy: calling up spirits for magical operations
Neighbourhood dispute: the suspect was accused of causing magical harm following quarrels among neighbours
Nettle: medicinal plant, effective against green venom, toothache, consumption and the Devil
New name: a new name given to a witch by the Devil indicating a rejection of Christian baptism - a re-naming in the Devil
Nine: repetition of action 3x3, powerful number and motif used in many cultures
Not enough information recorded: the record doesn't record enough information to make any sort of characterisation
Notar: a notary public
Nuris Day: Possibly associated with wet nursing, we are not sure

Oil: for anointing as part of healing rituals
Onion: medicinal plant, effective against sores, headaches, colds, fever and warts
Other Demon: non-natural being appeared in the form of a demon other than the Devil
Our Lady Day (Harvest): 16 August, festival associated with the mother of Christ

Paction: general, non-specific pact made with the Devil
Paper: on which might be written words of prayers or gospel, used as healing/protective amulets
Parliament: Scotland's sovereign legislative body, which sometimes issued commissions of justiciary
Phantom: accused witch appeared in the form of an unspecified phantom
Pilgrimage: journey to sacred place, banned by the Scottish parliament in 1581
Pillows: no specific symbolic use
Pin: made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies, often left as votive offerings at wells/shrines
Plant: non-specified medicinal plant
Plough: made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies, possibly symbolising fertility
Poisoning: the suspect was accused of poisoning someone
Political Motive: the case involved a dynastic or political struggle
Porteous rolls: list of people to appear at a circuit court
Possession: the accused witch claimed to be possessed by the Devil
Pot: no specific symbolic use, used in transference rituals
Potions: non-specified salves or drinks
Pottage: oatmeal porridge, non-specified use
Powder: no specific symbolic uses, possibly a poison or ground up corpse powder
Prayer: invocation; may have been thought to have been used in a superstitious or ignorant way
Precognition: a statement made by a witness during the investigation
Presbytery: an ecclesiastical court above the kirk session and below the synod, see bibliography and sources for a full definition
Pricking: the body of the suspect witch was pricked with pins in order to find a Devil's mark. Learned belief said that the Devil's mark was left on the body of the witch after she or he had sealed a pact with the Devil. It was believed to be insensitive to pain. Often moles, warts or other visible skin blemishes were tested and shown to be Devil's marks.
Privy Council (PC): the official body for daily government consisting of high officers of state and other magnates presided over by the Chancellor which exercised judicial, and executive power
Procurator: a legal representative, a procurator fiscal was the prosecutor in a sheriff court
Property Damage: the suspect was accused of damaging property
Property Motive: the case involved an attempt to get the property of the witchcraft suspect
Provost: the civic head of a town or burgh council, elected official, equivalent to mayor
Pursuer: a prosecutor, public or private
Put to the horn: declared outlaw, usually for non-appearance at trial

Quarrelling: the suspect was accused of quarrelling
Quarter day: day dividing the Celtic year into four, marking the different seasons
Queen of Fairy: female leader of a group of fairies sometimes called Queen of Elphame or Elphane

Rack: tied to wooden rack and stretched
Recognised Healer: the suspect was a recognised (or 'professional') healer
Refused charity to economic dependant: the witchcraft suspect was refused charity from a social superior. The social superior then launched a witchcraft accusation against the beggar
Regality: jurisdiction granted by the King to a powerful landholder
Remit: to refer a case to another authority for opinion or advice, transfer of one case from one court to another
Removal of bewitchment: the suspect was accused of removing a bewitchment (i.e. harm caused by another witch)
Ribbon: no specific symbolic uses but often used to tie around sick person as part of healing ritual
Riddle (turning of): a coarse sieve, used for divination
Ring: gold rings used against eye diseases
Rok (distaff): normally used in spinning, no specific symbolic use
Rowan tree: the tree itself was believed to protect against the harmful powers of fairies and witches, it was sometimes the spot of a specific ritual
Rowan: parts of the tree (leaves or branches) traditionally believed to protect against the power of fairies and witches
Ruidday: 3 May or 14 September, celebration of the Invention of the Holy Cross or Rude

Sabbath: Sunday, day of religious worship
Saint Magnus Day: 16 April, celebration of St Magnus
Saint Thomas Eve: 20 December, celebration of St Thomas
Saints: pre-Reformation invocation of saints for intercession, condemned by Protestant church
Salt pans: place where seawater was evaporated and salt collected
Salt water: used to cleanse/purify, also had protective/healing qualities, possibly religious symbolism
Salt: used to cleanse/purify, also had protective/healing qualities, possible religious symbolism
Salve: non-specified ointment applied to heal
Sand: possibly representing the power of nature, fertility and growth
Scissors: sharp, made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies, smaller than shears
Scolding: the offence of women's quarrelling
Scripture: extracts from the Christian bible, verses or prayers
Sea Nut: Molluka bean from the West Indies, washed up on west coast of Scotland, worn as protective amulets, used to recover spoilt milk
Searching: general, non-specified searching for Devil's marks
Servant: indicates that the accused had agreed to be the Devil's servant
Sex: indicated that the accused had sexual relations with the Devil
Shape-Changing: the documentation described the witch appearing in a different form
Shears: sharp, made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies, could be used with a sieve for divination, bigger than scissors
Shirt: used to represent the sick person, blessed and returned to them to provide cure
Shoes: associated with good /bad luck, often associated with marriage/fertility/childbirth
Sieve: used in divination rituals, often with shears
Sign of the cross: crossing oneself, emblem of crucifixion, associated with Catholicism, condemned by Protestant church
Signet: one of the crown seals of Scotland, used to authorise commissions of justiciary
Silver: highly prized metal, associated with purity, used as protection against witchcraft/evil
Singing: attenders of the witches' meeting sang
Six: repetition of action 2x3 times
Sleep Deprivation: watched and warded, kept awake continuously
Smoke: no specific symbolic use, possibly associated with the supposed purifying powers of fire or used as a sort of fumigation
Snail: no specific symbolic use
Snake skin: no specific symbolic use, possible association with the Devil in the Garden of Eden
Soothsaying: telling the future
Specific Ritual Acts: Specific Ritual Acts were discussed in the documentation
Specific Verbal Formulae: Specific Verbal Formulae were used for curing or any other ritual
Spindle: normally used in spinning, no specific symbolic use
Spinning: traditional skill associated with fairies
Spirit (as a non-natural being): non-natural being appeared in the form of a non-specified spirit
Spirit (witch's appearance): accused witch appeared in the form of an unspecified spirit
Spit: saliva, associated with good luck or warding off evil, cures toothache, warts
Stick: no specific symbolic use, possibly a wand or a protective tree, possibly similar to a baton
Stocks: put in wooden frame with holes for legs
Stones: healing stones regarded/identified as being special
Straw: no specific symbolic use
Sunrise: boundary time, boundary times were often associated with fairies
Sustentatioun: support, maintenance
Sword: made of iron, used for protection from harmful power of fairies
Sympathetic Magic: use of an object to stand in for a person in a magical ritual
Synod: an ecclesiastical court of the Presbyterian Church hierarchy intermediate between the presbytery and the general assembly

Tacit pact: the accused used power of the pact but did not describe any specific features
Tether: used in healing and harmful rituals, particularly if stolen from an intended victim
Thorn Tree: tree traditionally believed to protect against the power of fairies
Thorn: a thorn tree or bush
Thread: often used to tie around sick person as part of healing ritual
Three: significant number and motif, both Christian and pre-Christian symbolism
Thumbscrews: thumbs squeezed
Tied to pole: tied to pole for a period of time
Toad: as for frog, associated with Devil, sin and impurity, used in transference of disease
Tobacco: non-native, exotic plant, no specific symbolic use, regarded as medicinal
Tolbooth: a prison, a place to hold prisoners before trial, not a form of punishment
Transferring Disease: the suspect was accused of transferring a disease from sick person to someone or something else
Treason: witchcraft accusation was linked to treason (i.e. witches trying to kill the king or working in league with people trying to kill the king)
Tree: non-specified, some were associated with healing/protective powers
Trial Type: We have defined three types of process through which an accused witch could be brought to trial: a central trial, a local trial and a mixed/central local trial. We defined a fourth type of trial process called 'mentioned in a trial' for convenience, to denote those people mentioned as a witch by another accused or confessed witch. For more information about each trial type see the help menu in the Trial Process Detail report.
Trilapse: a third offence against church discipline for the same crime, especially fornication
Trinity: Christian Holy Trinity - Father, Son and Holy Ghost
Turf: representing the power of nature, fertility and growth

Umquhile: deceased
Unorthodox religious practice (characterisation): the suspect was accused of doing anything vaguely 'religious' but clearly not part of any officially sanctioned Protestant or Catholic orthodoxy.
Unorthodox Religious Practice (folk belief): accused used an unorthodox religious practice
Unspecified Devil: non-natural being appeared in the form of a non-specified Devil
Urine (stale): no specific symbolic uses but often used in healing rituals or medicines
Urine: no specific symbolic uses but often used in healing rituals or medicines

Various: various non-specified type or types of torture
Victim Fit: used in possession cases to identify the person causing the possession, victim had fit in presence of suspected persecutor
Vinegar: no specific symbolic use
Vision: accused witch appeared as a vision

Want nothing: the accused confessed that the Devil promised to provide everything for them and that they 'should never want'
Ward: a prison, a place to hold prisoners before trial, but not a form of punishment
Water: life giving, associated with healing power of nature, spirits and saints
Watercress: medicinal plant, antiscorbutic qualities, said to increase appetite
Wax/clay images: used in image magic to represent the intended victim
Wax: figures/pictures made of wax used in image magic to represent the intended victim, this is sympathetic magic, the three dimensional figure was used to stand in for the body of the intended victim.
Wayburn leaf: or waybread, common plantain, sacred medicinal herb, diuretic and astringent properties
Weather Modification: the suspect was accused of changing the weather
Wedges on the shins: pain caused by application of weights/wedges to the shins, probably the same as the 'boots'
Well: well or spring often believed to be associated with or used by fairies
Wheat: no specific symbolic uses, but as living grain associated with fertility and growth
Whip: whipped with a whip or rope
Whirlwind: blast of fairy wind that was believed to cause harm
Whitsunday: Pentecost, 50 days after Easter Sunday
Wine: no specific symbolic use, but unusual ingredient, possible religious symbolism
Witch-pricker: a person who was hired to prick a suspected witch with a needle in order to find possible Devil's mark. See Devil's mark for further definition.
Wood: non-specified type, may have some special properties
Wort: infusion of malt, fermented to make ale, no specific symbolic use

Yarn: woollen thread, often used to tie around sick person as part of healing ritual
Yule: Midwinter festival, equivalent to Christmas

Socio-economic Status Categories

Nobility/Chiefs: major landowners, high status, inherited titles and lands. People from this category did not work their land or perform a craft, they lived off rents and income from property.
Upper: people in this category were wealthy, they often had access to land and/or property but no titles. They can be distinguished form Lairds/Baron and Nobility/Chief because they usually had to work for their living. They were more successful than the middling category either because they were very successful at their work or were employed in more lucrative professions. They include wealthy burgesses, important merchants, top level craftsmen (silversmiths, surgeons, etc.), tacksmen (leaseholders), advocates/lawyers. Some people in this category had as much or more wealth as the Laird/Baron or Nobility/Chief, but they earned it and did not generally have titles.
Lairds/Baron: high status landowners with inherited titles and lands, but not the top rung of land holding society. These people were usually referred to as the laird of somewhere. People in this category did not work their land or perform a craft. They lived off rents or other kinds of income.
Middling: this category was assigned to people who had a secure access tenancy of land and/or were secure craftsmen. The category includes tenant farmers (variously described, e.g. 'portioner'), baillies/factors, burgesses, lesser craftsmen (bakers, skinners, weavers, cordiners, fleshers, etc.), and ministers. These were people who had to work the land or at a craft for their living but were doing OK.
Lower: quite poor, but people assigned this category had some access to land and at least some kind of employment. They were subtenants, semi-skilled artisans, colliers, gardeners, fishermen, workmen or sailors.
Very Poor: people in this category had some, limited access to land/employment to provide a meagre living. They include cottars (cottagers), servants in small households, grassmen, shepherds, and other types of odd jobs.
Landless: people without any access to any land or steady work, often described as vagrants or vagabonds.

Modern/Standardised Last Names

A-F	G-Mar	Mas-Z
A A Wallis Abbot Abel Abernethy Acheson Achibald Achmuty Adair Adam Adamson Addie Addison Admiston Affleck Agnus Aiken Aikenhead Aird Airth Alan Alexander Alison Allanshaw Allanson Anderson Andrew Angus Annan Anstruther Archer Argyll Arklay Armstrong Aroane Astrin Aunchtie Ayton B Baikie Baillie Bain Baines Baird Balfour Ballantine Ballath Balmain Bane Banks Bannatyne Bannerman Baptie Barber Barclay Bargans Barker Barney Baron Barrie Barrowman Barten Bartill Bartleman Barton Bathgate Baxter Beattie Beer Begbie Belches Bell Bellanie Bennet Bennett Berry Bertram Bess Beveridge Beverley Bezok Biggam Bigland Binney Birnie Bishop Bisset Black Blackburn Blackett Bladderstouns Blair Blyth Boag Bogtown Bonar Bonn Bornlie Borthwick Boswell Bowar Bowden Bowie Bowmaker Bowndie Bowsie Boyd Boyle Boyman Boyn Brackenridge Braidhead Brand Breson Brocket Brodie Brotherstone Brotherstones Brown Brownhill Bruce Brugh Bryce Bryson Buchan Buchanan Budge Bull Burbar Burgess Burgh Burke Burne Burness Burnet Burrell Burt Burton Butter Buy C Cadenhead Cairncross Cairns Callam Callander Callen Callwalls Campbell Cant Card Carfrae Carlips Carlisle Carmichael Carnochan Carrick Carrie Carrington Carrol Carruthers Carse Carson Carswell Carter Carvie Caskie Casse Castle Cathie Cattanach Cauldwell Cechie Chactach Chalmers Chancellor Chapman Charters Chatto Chib Chirnside Chisholm Chivas Chousley Chrichton Christian Christie Cieroch Clacherty Clark Clarkson Cleghorn Cleland Clench Clerach Clerk Cleuch Clow Cochran Cock Cockburn Cockie Colden Colin Colington Colquhoun Colville Comb Comes Conchie Condie Congalton Conker Connal Connochie Cony Cooke Cooper Copland Coran Cornfoot Corsan Corsbie Corse Coruth Cossie Cothall Coull Couper Coutts Covington Cowan Cowie Craig Craigie Cramond Cranston Crauford Craw Crawford Crichton Crieff Cristell Crockaime Crockatt Cromarty Crooks Crosar Crosbie Cross Croudie Cruickshank Cuj Cullen Cumlaquoy Cumming Cumray Cunningham Curchan Currie Cursitter Cusing Cutchmoulie Cuthbert Cuthbertson D Dagger Dalgleish Dallas Dalling Dalmahoy Dalrymple Dalyell Damiet Darling Darsie Davidson Davie Dawson Deans Demperston Dempster Denholme Dennis Desk Dewar Dick Dickie Dickson Diverty Dobbie Dobson Dock Dod Dodds Dollar Dolsoun Dolt Donald Donaldson Dott Dougal Doughty Douglas Dow Drever Dron Drummond Drupes Dryburgh Drysdale Duchill Duddingston Duff Dun Dunbar Duncan Dundas Dune Dungalson Dunkalow Dunlop Durie Durwart Dusone Dyat Dykes Dynnes E Easson Edington Edward Ego Elder Ellam Elliot Ellis Elphinston Elshener Elsinquoy Elves English Erskine Eumond Ewan Ewart Eyre F Fairgrieve Fairlie Fairwell Falconer Farmer Farquhar Faw Fean Feirour Fellowsdale Fenton Fenwick Fergie Fergus Ferguson Fiddler Fife Finlay Finlayson Finn Finnie Fisher Fisher's Daughter Flayer Fleck Fleming Flesher Flinker Flint Flockhart Flowers Foden Fogg Forbes Ford Fordell Forest Forman Forrester Forsyth Foster Fotheringham Foulis Fowler Foxton Frame Fraser Frater French Friece Frissell Fullarton Fulton	G Galbraith Gallie Galloway Garden Gardener Garlic Garner Garvie Gaston Gaul Gavin Gaw Gaylor Geddes Geddie Gelly Gentleman George Gerard Getgud Gibb Gibson Gilbert Gilchrist Gill Gill's Daughter Gillecallum Gillepatrick Gillespie Gillies Gillivray Gilmichael Gilmore Glass Gledd Glen Gold Good Goodal Goodfellow Goodie Goodlad Gorat Gordon Gotterson Goudie Gourlay Govan Gow Gowan Gowanlock Gowrie Graham Grant Gray Gray-meill Graycoat Green Greenlaw Greenshields Greg Grey Grierson Grieve Grinton Groat Grougie Guild Guisett Gulivatas Gullan Gulliland Gunn Guthrie Gutter Gyllor H Haddock Haggon Hairstones Haistie Haldane Haliburton Halket Hall Halliday Halliwell Hamilton Handasyde Hanna Hardie Harlaw Harper Harris Hart Harther Harvey Hasbane Hastie Hay Hayman Henderson Henillis Henry Henry's Daughter Henryson Hepburn Herald Herbertson Herd Heriot Herkertson Hermiston Herries Herring Hewat Hewingston Hewison Hill Hirdal Hislop Hogg Hoggan Hoggart Hogger Holden Holmes Homas Home Honeyman Hood Hopkins Hopkirk Horn Horniman Horsburgh Houston Howat Howatson Howden Howie Howieson Hoy Hudson Hugan Hugo Huldie Humble Hunter Hutcheon Hutcheson Hutchison Hutton Hyndman I Imlay Incheot Inglis Ingram Innes Ireland Irvine Isaac Isbister Izat J Jack Jackson Jaffray Jamieson Jarvie Jo John's Daughter Johnson Johnston Jollie Jonking K Kay Keil Keith Kello Kellock Kelly Kelman Kelso Keltie Kemp Kennan Kennedy Kennock Kent Ker Kerse Kight Kilgour Kilpatrick Kincaid King Kinglassie Kingo Kininmont Kinnaird Kinneil Kinnes Kinsman Kirk Kirkland Kirkpatrick Kirkton Kirkwood Knarston Knox Kyle L Lachlan Lacost Laidlaw Laing Laird Lamb Lamont Landrok Largizean Lauder Law Lawrie Lawson Layland Leach Lear Leask Leddy Legat Leiges Leike Leitch Lennie Leonard Leslie Letham Lewars Lewinston Leys Lieshman Lightbody Lilburn Lillie Linay Lindsay Linkup Linton Lister Lithgow Little Loch Lochoir Lochtie Lockart Lockie Lodge Logan Logie Longland Loquhour Lorimer Losk Loudon Love Lovelike Lowes Luddes Lumsden Luney Lyle Lyne Lyon M MacAlaster MacAlester Boyne MacAlexander MacAllan MacAllexander MacAngus MacArthur MacAskie Macbeth MacBrown MacBurnie MacCall MacCallum MacCalzean MacCann MacCartney MacCaw MacChananaich MacCheriech MacCheyne MacClachan MacClartich MacClerick MacClintock MacCoel MacConachie MacConnal MacCubbin MacEwan MacFerries MacGavin MacGhee MacGill MacGillemichael MacGillepatrick MacGillichoan MacGilliecallum MacGillivray MacGillovary MacGilvane MacGowan MacGrane MacGregor MacGuffog MacGuire MacHendrie MacHolm MacHouston MacIllday MacIlmichael MacIlna MacIngaruch MacInreoch MacIntyre MacIver MacJohn MacKaw MacKay MacKenna MacKennan MacKenzie MacKeoner MacKeraish MacKessak MacKessock Mackie MacKillop MacKinlay MacKinnay MacKirdie MacKulkie MacLae MacLean MacLevin MacMartin MacMichael MacMillan MacMurdoch MacMurray MacMurrich Macnab MacNair MacNairn MacNaught MacNeil MacNeish MacNicol MacNilland MacNiven MacNoullar MacPhail MacPhee MacPherson MacQueen MacQuicken MaCrae MacReadie MacRobert MacRory MacSkimming MacTaggart MacTear MacWatt MacWilliam Maguate Maillshead Main Maislet Maitland Major Malcolm Malcolmson Man Manderston (Arnot) Manners Manson Mark Marnoch Marr Marshall Martin Marwick	Mason Masterton Mather Matheson Mathie Maver Maxwell May Mearns Meek Meikle Meldrum Melrose Melville Mercer Merchant Meslet Methven Michelson Middlemas Mie Miller Milligan Milne Milton Minto Mitchell Moffat Mogersland Monk Monteith Montgomery Moodie Mor Nin Vickeanglaish Morgan Morris Morrison Morton Moscrop Moss Mott Moubray Mowat Moyness Mrgillie Lukell Muir Muircone Muirhead Muirieson Munn Munro Murdoch Murit Murray Mutch Mutton Myles N Nacoch Naesmith Nairn Napier Neil Neilson Neinchat Neville Newton Nicol Nicolson Niddrie Nimmo Nisbet Nishie Niven O Ochterlonyes Ogg Ogilvie Oisone Oliphant Oliver Omnoch Orr Orrock Osborne Osler Oswald Owir P Page Paplay Paris Parish Park Parker Paterson Paton Paul Payne Peacock Peaston Peattie Peebles Penman Pennant Penny Pennycook Peramorris Peterkin Phail Philip Pierson Pilmuir Piper Pirie Pittendreigh Pogavie Polock Polwarth Pook Pope Porteous Porter Pothif Potter Pratt Pride Pringle Profet Propter Provost Purcell Purdie Q Quarrier R Rae Raeburn Ramage Ramannows Ramsay Randall Rank Rankin Rannick Rannie Rass Ratter Rattray Ray Raymond Redford Redmond Redpath Reid Remy Rhind Riach Richard Richardson Richieson Riddall Ritchie Robb Robbie Robert Robertson Robeson Robinson Rogers Rogie Ronald Ronaldson Ross Rossie Rowan Roy Rudge Rule Russel Rutherford S Saddler Samson Samuel Samuelston (Home) Sanderson Sandie Sandieson Sands Sawyer Saythe Schailer Scheil Scobie Scogian Scord Scotland Scott Scottie Scougal Scrogges Scroggie Seaman Selkirk Semple Sesbie Seton Seweis Shand Shanks Shannan Sharp Shaw Shayme Shearer Shedden Shepherd Sherwood Shiel Shillington Shire Short Shorthouse Sibbald Simbeard Simpson Sinclair Skair Skaitson Skebister Skene Slater Sleigh Sloan Small Smart Smeaton Smillie Smith Somerville Souness Souter Spae Wife Spaldarge Spark Speed Speirs Spence Spittal Spreull Sprott Staig Stark Steedman Steel Stein Stenhouse Steven Stevenson Stewart Stillcart Stillie Stirk Stirt Stith Stobie Stoddart Stonehouse Stout Stowane Strachan Strath Stratton Straughan Studgeon Sturrok Summer Sunderland Supp Sutherland Sutie Swan Swinton Sydserf Syme Syrie T Tais Tait Tame Tarbet Task Tasker Taylor Temple Thom Thomas' Daughter Thomson Thorbrand Thyne Todd Todrick Todry Torr Torrie Toyes Traill Traye Trotter Trotton Tucidie Tullie Tulloch Turnbull Turner Tweedie Twich U Udny Umpherstoun Umphray Unchach Unes Unknown Ure Urich V Vallance Vane Vass Vayne Veitch Velene Vertie Vikker Voe W Waddie Walden Walker Wallace Wanderson Wanton Wark Warrick Waten Waterson Watson Watt Waugh Webster Weir Welch Well Wemyss Wenton West Wharrie White Whitelaw Whiteman Wick Wikean Wilkie Wilkin Wilkinson William Williamson Wilson Winster Wishart Wood Woodrow Woodside Wright Wylie Wynd Y Yerkin Yester Young Yourston Yrascht Yule

Modern/Standardised First Names

A-G	H-M	N-Z
A Adam Africk Agnes Alexander Alison Alistair Allan Amy Anabel Andrew Angus Annabel Anne Archibald B Barbara Bartie Beak Beatrice Beigis Bernard Bridget C Charles Christine Cormule Couper Cruddal Crystal Curate of Anstruther D Dame Daughter of Agnes Daughter of Alexander Daughter of black Hugh David Dod Donald Dorothy Duncan E Easter Edward Eldest son of Katharine Moore Elizabeth Ellen Eric Euphemia F Fillie Finwell Florence Francis Fritte G Gavin George Gideon Gilbert Giles Gillian Gormyle Gradoch Gredoch Gretchach Griselda	H Hector Helen Henry Henwife Hucheon Hugh Husband of Elizabeth I Isobel J James Janet Jean Joan John Jokkie Jonka Julian K Katherine Keanoch L Lachlan Lancelot Libra Lillias M Maal MacColm Magdalene Magnus Maisie Malcolm Malie Margaret Marion Marjory Marshal Martha Mary Marybel Mathew Maud Meslie Michael Mid most Miriam Moira Molly Molphrie More Nain Duy Mother of Mother of Christine Mother of David Mother of Janet Mother of William Muir Muriel	N Neane Neving Nic Nicola Nicolas Ninian O Oliver P Patrick Poile R Rachel Richard Robert Rosina S Samuel Sarah Scota Shiach Sister of Agnes Steven Suna Susanna Sybil T Thomas Tibbie U Unknown V Violet W Walter Wife of Wife of Alexander Wife of Archibald Wife of Archie wife of George Wife of Henry Wife of James Wife of John wife of Nicoll Wife of Poile Wife of Soirle Wife of Thomas Wife of Walter Wife of William William

Parishes in 17th century Scotland

A list of parish names used in the database, compiled using Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae: The Succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation, Hew Scott (editor), Edinburgh, 1915-28.

A-Ell	Err-L	M-Z
A Abbey St Bathans Abdie Abercorn Aberdalgie Aberdeen Aberdour Aberfoyle Aberlady Aberlemno Aberlour Abernethy Abernethy and Kincardine Abernyte Aboyne and Glen Tanar Airlie Airth Alford Alloa Alness Alva Alvah Alves Alvie Alyth Ancrum Annan Anstruther Easter Anstruther Wester Anwoth Applecross Applegarth Arbirlot Arbroath and St Vigeans Arbuthnott Ardchattan and Muckairn Ardclach Ardersier Ardgour Ardnamurchan Ardoch Ardrossan Arisaig and Moidart Arngask Arrochar Ashkirk Assynt Athelstaneford Auchindoir and Kearn Auchinleck Auchterarder Auchterderran Auchtergaven Auchterhouse Auchterless Auchtermuchty Auchtertool Auldearn Avoch Avondale Ayr Ayton B Baldernock Balfron Ballantrae Ballingry Balmaclellan Balmaghie Balmerino Balquhidder Banchory-Devenick Banchory-Ternan Banff Barr Barra Barry Barvas Bathgate Beath Bedrule Beith Belhelvie Bellie Bendochy Benholm Bervie Biggar Birnie Birsay and Harray Birse Blackford Blair Atholl Blairgowrie Blantyre Bo'ness and Carriden Boharm Boleskine and Abertarff Bolton Bonhill Borgue Borthwick Bothwell Botriphnie Bourtie Bowden Bower Boyndie Bracadale Brechin Bressay Broughton Glenholm & Kilbucho Buchanan Buittle Bunkle and Preston Burntisland C Cabrach Cadder Caddonfoot Caerlaverock Cairnie Callander Cambuslang Cambusnethan Cameron Campbeltown Campsie Canisbay Canonbie Caputh Cardross Careston Cargill Carluke Carmichael Carmunnock Carmyllie Carnbee Carnock Carnwath Carrington Carsphairn Carstairs Castleton Cathcart Cavers Cawdor Ceres Channelkirk Chapel of Garioch Chirnside Clackmannan Clatt Cleish Closeburn Clunie Cluny Clyne Cockburnspath Cockpen Coldingham Coldstream Coll Collace Collessie Colmonell Colonsay and Oronsay Colvend and Southwick Comrie Contin Cortachy and Clova Coull Coupar Angus Covington Coylton Craig Craigie Craignish Crail Crailing Cramond Cranshaws Cranston Crathie and Braemar Crawford Crawfordjohn Creich Crichton Crieff Crimond Cromarty Cromdale Inverallan & Advie Cross and Burness Crossmichael Croy and Dalcross Cruden Cullen Culross Culsalmond Culter Cults Cumbernauld Cumbrae Cummertrees Cupar Currie D Dailly Dairsie Dalgety Dalkeith Dallas Dalmellington Dalmeny Dalry Dalrymple Dalserf Dalton Dalziel Daviot Daviot and Dunlichity Delting Denny Deskford Dingwall Dirleton Dollar Dolphinton Dores Dornoch Dornock Douglas Drainie Dreghorn Dron Drumblade Drumelzier Drumoak Dryfesdale Drymen Duffus Duirinish Dull Dumbarton Dumfries Dun Dunbar Dunbarney Dunblane and Lecropt Dunbog Dundee Dundee Combination Dundonald Dunfermline Dunino Dunipace Dunkeld and Dowally Dunlop Dunnet Dunnichen Dunning Dunnottar Dunoon and Kilmun Dunrossness Duns Dunscore Dunsyre Durisdeer Durness Durris Duthil and Rothiemurchus Dyce Dyke and Moy E Eaglesham Earlston Eassie and Nevay East Kilbride Eastwood Eccles Ecclesmachan Echt Eckford Eday Edderton Eddleston Eddrachillis Edinburgh Edinkillie Ednam Edrom Edzell Elgin Elie Ellon	Errol Erskine Eskdalemuir Ettrick Evie and Rendall Ewes Eyemouth F Fala and Soutra Falkirk Falkland Farnell Farr Fearn Fenwick Fern Ferry Port on Craig Fetlar Fettercairn Fetteresso Findo Gask Fintray Fintry Firth Flisk Fodderty Fogo Fordoun Fordyce Forfar Forgan Forgandenny Forglen Forgue Forres Forteviot Fortingall Fossoway Foulden Foveran Fowlis Easter Fowlis Wester Fraserburgh Fyvie G Gairloch Galashiels Galston Gamrie Gargunnock Gartly Garvald and Bara Garvock Gigha and Cara Girthon Girvan Gladsmuir Glamis Glasgow Glass Glassary Glasserton Glassford Glenbervie Glenbuchat Glencairn Glencorse Glendevon Glenelg Glenisla Glenmuick Tullich & Glengairn Glenorchy and Inishail Glenshiel Golspie Gordon Govan Grange Grangemouth Greenlaw Greenock Gretna Guthrie H Haddington Half Morton Halkirk Hamilton Harris Hawick Heriot Hobkirk Hoddom Holm Holywood Houston and Killellan Hownam Hoy and Graemsay Humbie Hume Huntly Hutton Hutton and Corrie I Inch Inchinnan Inchture Innerleithen Innerwick Insch Inveraray Inverarity Inveravon Inverchaolain Inveresk Inverkeilor Inverkeithing Inverkeithny Inverkip Inverness and Bona Inverurie Irvine J Jedburgh Johnstone Jura K Keig Keir Keith Keithhall and Kinkell Kells Kelso Kelton Kemback Kemnay Kenmore Kennethmont Kennoway Kettins Kettle Kilbarchan Kilbirnie Kilbrandon and Kilchattan Kilbride Kilcalmonell Kilchoman Kilchrenan and Dalavich Kilconquhar Kildalton Kildonan Kildrummy Kilfinan Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon Killarow and Kilmeny Killean and Kilchenzie Killearn Killearnan Killin Kilmacolm Kilmadock Kilmallie Kilmany Kilmarnock Kilmaronock Kilmartin Kilmaurs Kilmodan Kilmonivaig Kilmorack Kilmore and Kilbride Kilmory Kilmuir Kilmuir Easter Kilninian and Kilmore Kilninver and Kilmelfort Kilrenny Kilspindie Kilsyth Kiltarlity and Convinth Kiltearn Kilwinning Kincardine Kincardine O'Neil Kinclaven Kinellar Kinfauns King Edward Kingarth Kinghorn Kinglassie Kingoldrum Kingsbarns Kingussie and Insh Kinloch Kinloss Kinnaird Kinneff and Catterline Kinnell Kinnettles Kinnoull Kinross Kintail Kintore Kippen Kirkbean Kirkcaldy and Dysart Kirkcolm Kirkconnel Kirkcowan Kirkcudbright Kirkden Kirkgunzeon Kirkhill Kirkhope Kirkinner Kirkintilloch Kirkliston Kirkmabreck Kirkmahoe Kirkmaiden Kirkmichael Kirknewton Kirkoswald Kirkpatrick Durham Kirkpatrick Irongray Kirkpatrick-Fleming Kirkpatrick-Juxta Kirkurd Kirkwall and St Ola Kirriemuir Knockando Knockbain L Lady Ladykirk Laggan Lairg Lamington and Wandel Lanark Langholm Langton Larbert Largo Largs Lasswade Latheron Lauder Laurencekirk Legerwood Leochel-Cushnie Lerwick Leslie Lesmahagow Leswalt Lethendy Lethnot and Navar Leuchars Libberton Liff and Benvie Lilliesleaf Linlithgow Linton Lintrathen Lismore and Appin Little Dunkeld Livingston Lochalsh Lochbroom Lochcarron Lochgoilhead and Kilmorich Lochlee Lochmaben Lochrutton Lochs Lochwinnoch Logie Logie Buchan Logie Easter Logie Pert Logie-Coldstone Logiealmond Logierait Longforgan Longformacus Longside Lonmay Loth Loudoun Lumphanan Lunan Lundie Luss Lyne	M Madderty Mains and Strathmartine Makerstoun Manor Markinch Marnoch Maryculter Marykirk Maryton Mauchline Maxton Maybole Mearns Meigle Meldrum Melrose Menmuir Mertoun Methlick Methven Mid Calder Middlebie Midmar Minnigaff Minto Mochrum Moffat Moneydie Monifieth Monikie Monimail Monkton and Prestwick Monquhitter Montrose Monymusk Monzievaird and Strowan Moonzie Mordington Morebattle Morham Mortlach Morton Morvern Moulin Mouswald Moy and Dalarossie Muckhart Muiravonside Muirkirk Murroes Muthill N Nairn Neilston Nenthorn Nesting New Abbey New Cumnock New Deer New Kilpatrick New Luce New Machar New Monkland Newbattle Newburgh Newburn Newhills Newlands Newton Newtyle Nigg North Berwick North Bute North Knapdale North Uist Northmaven O Oathlaw Ochiltree Old Cumnock Old Deer Old Kilpatrick Old Luce Old Machar Old Monkland Oldhamstocks Olrig Ordiquhill Ormiston Orphir Orwell Oxnam Oyne P Paisley Panbride Papa Westray Parton Peebles Pencaitland Penicuik Penninghame Penpont Perth Peterculter Peterhead Pettinain Petty Pitsligo Pittenweem Polwarth Port Glasgow Port Of Menteith Portmoak Portpatrick Portree Premnay Prestonkirk Prestonpans R Rafford Rathen Ratho Rathven Rattray Rayne Reay Redgorton Renfrew Rerrick Rescobie Resolis Rhu Rhynd Rhynie Riccarton Roberton Rogart Rosemarkie Rosneath Rosskeen Rothes Rothesay Rothiemay Rousay and Egilsay Roxburgh Rutherglen Ruthven Ruthwell S Saddell and Skipness Saline Saltoun Sandsting Sandwick Sanquhar Scone Scoonie Selkirk Shapinsay Shotts Skene Skirling Slains Slamannan Sleat Smailholm Small Isles Snizort Sorbie Sorn South Knapdale South Ronaldsay South Uist Southdean Southend Speymouth Spott Sprouston Spynie St Andrews and Deerness St Andrews and St Leonards St Andrews-Lhanbryd St Boswells St Cyrus St Fergus St Madoes St Martins St Monance St Mungo St Ninians Stair Stenness Stenton Stevenston Stewarton Stichill Stirling Stobo Stonehouse Stoneykirk Stornoway Stow Stracathro Strachan Strachur Straiton Stranraer Strath Strathblane Strathdon Strathlachlan Strathmiglo Strichen Stromness Stronsay Swinton Symington T Tain Tannadice Tarbat Tarbolton Tarland Tarves Tealing Temple Terregles Teviothead Thurso Tibbermore Tillicoultry Tingwall Tinwald Tiree Tongland Tongue Torosay Torphichen Torryburn Torthorwald Tough Towie Tranent Traquair Trinity Gask Troqueer Tulliallan Tullynessle and Forbes Tundergarth Turriff Tweedsmuir Twynholm Tynron Tyrie U Udny Uig Unst Uphall Urquhart Urquhart and Glenmoriston Urquhart and Logie Wester Urr Urray W Walls and Flotta Walls and Sandness Walston Wamphray Watten Weem Wemyss West Calder West Kilbride West Linton Westerkirk Westray Westruther Whitburn Whitekirk and Tyninghame Whithorn Whitsome Whittingehame Wick Wigtown Wiston and Roberton Y Yarrow Yell Yester Yetholm

Royal burghs in 1707

A-E	F-L	M-Z
A Aberdeen Annan Anstruther Easter Anstruther Wester Arbroath Auchtermuchty Ayr B Banff Brechin Burntisland C Campbeltown Crail Cullen Culross Cupar D Dingwall Dornoch Dumbarton Dumfries Dunbar Dundee Dunfermline Dysart E Earlsferry Edinburgh Elgin	F Falkland Forres Forfar Fortrose G Glasgow H Haddington I Inveraray Inverbervie Inverkeithing Inverness Inverurie Irvine J Jedburgh K Kilrenny Kinghorn Kintore Kirkcaldy Kirkcudbright Kirkwall L Lanark Lauder Linlithgow Lochmaben	M Montrose N Nairn Newburgh New Galloway North Berwick P Peebles Perth Pittenweem Q Queensferry R Renfrew Rothesay Rutherglen S St Andrews Sanquhar Selkirk Stirling Stranraer T Tain W Whithorn Wick Wigtown

Presbyteries found in the database

A-E	F-L	M-Z
A Aberdeen Arbroath Auchterarder Ayr B Banff Biggar Brechin C Cairston Caithness Chanonry Chirnside Cupar D Dalkeith Deer Dingwall Dornoch Dumfries Dunbar Dunbarton Dunblane Dundee Dunfermline Dunkeld Dunoon Duns E Earlston Edinburgh Elgin Ellon	F Falkirk Fordoun Fordyce Forfar Forres G Garioch Glasgow Greenock H Haddington Hamilton I Inveraray Inverness Irvine J Jedburgh K Kelso Kincardine O'Neil Kinross Kintyre Kirkcaldy Kirkcudbright Kirkwall L Lanark Lerwick Lewis Linlithgow Lochmaben	M Meigle N Nairn North Isles P Paisley Peebles Penpoint Perth R Renfrew S Scalloway Selkirk Shetland Skye St Andrews Stirling Stranraer Strathbogie T Tain Turriff W Wigtown

Counties found in the database

A-D	E-L	M-Z
A Aberdeen Argyll Ayr B Banff Berwick Bute C Caithness Clackmannan D Dumfries Dunbarton	E Edinburgh Elgin F Fife Forfar H Haddington I Inverness K Kincardine Kinross Kirkcudbright L Lanark Linlithgow	N Nairn O Orkney P Peebles Perth R Renfrew Ross and Cromarty Roxburgh S Selkirk Shetland Stirling Sutherland W Wigtown

The Survey of Scottish Witchcraft

Glossary of terms

Socio-economic Status Categories

Modern/Standardised Last Names

Modern/Standardised First Names

Parishes in 17th century Scotland

Royal burghs in 1707

Presbyteries found in the database

Counties found in the database